Monitor Children and Young People’s Development Essay

1. Observation. The observation could be formal and informal and both types have the advantages and disadvantages. 1.1.Informal observations – these are carried out daily when working with a pupil and overtime a picture can be built of the pupil’s progress and if there are any issues such as unable to draw circles with a compass, not recording homework correctly in the planner. These may be small but over time a picture of each pupil will be built up. It is likely that Teacher Assistants will discuss their observations with teachers. A disadvantage of informal observations is that they may not be recorded and might be forgotten to be passed on. 2. Formal observations – this may be carried out to support the teacher on assessing a pupil’s level of development such as a controlled assessment or a speaking and listening test. Standard Measurements – this is usually carried out by medical practitioners to ensure that a child is growing at the expected rate for their age. School tests/cognitive aptitude tests that demonstrate a snapshot of children’s academic ability or skill at retaining taught information and that might then be used to compare outcomes between a larger population of same-age children. Health programmes that might measure head circumference, weight, height, visual and auditory functioning. Educational psychologists may use reasoning tests to assess an intellectual age in contrast to a chronological age. 3. Information from carers and colleagues – information from carers can be vital if there is a factor that may be influencing the development of a young person an example may be that the pupil is being bullied or they don’t understand the learning objective but are too scared to ask for help. As a colleague if you see a change in the child you must communicate this to the class teacher to help them to assess what assistance may be required. 4. Assessment framework – it is the way in which child is assessed to decide whether they have any particular needs and  what these needs may be. It is useful in deciding whether the child is reaching expected milestones of development in different areas. Assessment frameworks involve methods such as England’s EYFS profile, possibly baseline assessments for children entering a new setting, the way a setting assesses development for a possible 2 year progress check, P-scales are another method that may be used to assess the development of children with learning difficulties.

Whaling: A Narrow Vision of the Future

Whaling is a controversial issue today. Thousands of ecological organisations vote for an international ban on whaling to give whale populations a chance for a rebound. The current paper discusses the pros and cons of an international ban on whaling. The paper seeks to prove that there should be no international ban on whaling, as long as whaling benefits economies and medical research. The paper tries to deny an assumption that a moratorium on whaling can give whales a chance to rebound sufficiently and, instead, promotes an idea that legalisation of whaling will facilitate monitoring and managing whaling operations all over the world. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 4 Whaling: A Brief Insight 4 An International Ban On Whaling: The Benefits of Legalisation 6 Whaling: A Never Ending Debate? 8 Conclusion 10 Recommendations 10 References 11 WHALING: A NARROW VISION OF THE FUTURE Introduction Whaling is a controversial issue today. Thousands of scientists and ecological organisations argue for an international ban on whaling and view such a ban as the only way to restore whale populations in global marine ecosystems. Thousands of others are confident that an international ban on whaling will not benefit animals: the decreasing number of whales is the reflection of the natural processes which no ban can stop. The history of whaling dates back thousands years ago. People hunted whales as long as they had boats and could sail. Today, whaling has become a convenient object of speculations and no one has been able to justify the need for an international ban so far. Objectively, there should be no international ban on whaling because whaling benefits economies and medical research, and legalisation of whaling will facilitate monitoring and managing the number of whales hunted and killed for commercial purposes. Whaling: A Brief Insight Whaling is a controversial issue today. Thousands of ecological and animal rights organisations argue that an international ban on whaling is necessary to give whales a chance to restore their populations. The estimated number of Blue Whales today is less than 3500; in 1931 alone, almost 30,000 Blue Whales were killed for commercial purposes. The current population of Blue Whales represents less than 1% of the total number of whales killed between 1910 and 1969. However, it was not before 1966 that an official moratorium on commercial whaling was provided, to afford a good beginning on the long journey to recovery. Whaling dates back to the times when humans started to build boats – thousands of years ago, whaling was one of the most widely used forms of hunting. For thousands of years, whales had served excellent sources of food, wax, and oil. Hunters valued them even more for their size and the quantity of various resources they could provide at once. Only by the middle of the 1870s did whale oil products give place to oil products based on petroleum and since then, whales have been mostly used for meat. Today, Japan and Norway are considered as the biggest threat to whales – these countries, plus Iceland, seek to lift the ban on whaling by all possible means. More importantly, these countries continue hunting whales despite the moratorium on whaling brought in in 1986. Norway is hunting whales in the North Atlantic; American Eskimos and Russian northern aboriginals are allowed to hunt whales in small quantities to meet their needs for food. Japan actively engages in whaling, to pursue the needs and goals of medical research. Notwithstanding the potential benefits of the ban on whaling, this ban is likely to cause serious economic difficulties. Today, no international ban on whaling should exist, because whaling is associated with significant economic benefits, because whales serve the needs of medical research and, finally, because legal whaling will facilitate monitoring the number of whales hunted and killed for commercial purposes. An International Ban on Whaling: The Benefits of Legalisation That whaling is the source of both direct and indirect economic benefits is difficult to deny, and there should be no international ban on whaling, to let different countries meet their economic needs. The inner markets for whale products are too small to support the countries like Norway and Iceland. The latter continue hunting whales, according to the quotas that had been set by the International Whaling Commission. Japan and Norway fail to meet their sales targets and lose significant financial resources due to the small quotas and the lack of hunting opportunities. In 2008 alone, Japan lost more than $20 million â€Å"whaling† dollars, which could have been directed to support various economic social programmes; in the similar fashion, Norway is experiencing difficulties with its whale product markets. Given the difficult economic situation, whaling could become an excellent opportunity for countries like Norway and Japan to generate additional jobs and to use whale products as an extremely valuable export item. Before the moratorium on whaling in 1986, the share of whale products in Norwegian exports accounted for 2 percent of all marine products and, simultaneously, for more than 70 percent of the total merchandise products on average. There should be no international ban on whaling, because it limits economic opportunities of sea countries and does not give them a chance to improve their economic situation. Whaling is the source of numerous indirect advantages. Indirect benefits of whaling arise from the link between commercial whaling, the size of natural whale populations, and the size of fish stocks. Because whales are the largest consumers of fish stock in the North Atlantic, they threaten the stability of numerous other fish stocks, including krill and cod. Although the relationships between whales and other fish populations are increasingly complex, scientists assume that whale stocks around Iceland could lead to the 10 percent decline in other fish stocks, including cod stocks. Given that the annual sustainable yield of the cod stock is no less than 350 thousand tons, a ban on whaling could cost Iceland 35 thousand tons of cod stock every year – a number too significant for a small country like Iceland. There should be no international ban on whaling, based on the premise that whales were and remain an important object of medical research. Whales are equally important for human and animal research, and it would be fair to say that an international ban on whaling will significantly reduce the existing medical research opportunities. As a result, an international ban on whaling will wane the hopes of those who seek a cure for the most difficult diseases. Since the middle of the 20th century, whales had been hunted and used for their hypophyses. The number of whale hypophyses dropped with time and their popularity declined, but they made a profound contribution to the development of medical research and pharmacology. Whales’ pancreases were extensively used in the production of insulin. Whales used to be an effective source of growth hormones for people; the hormones were extracted from whales’ thymus glands. Today, the world must think twice before an international ban on whaling becomes a reality. The world must avoid banning whaling activity in the future, to give medical researchers sufficient opportunities to pursue their research goals. Although the topic of animal research is increasingly controversial, it is not within the scope of this paper to discuss the pros and cons of such research. Simultaneously, it is clear that despite all limitations, researchers will continue to apply to the benefits of animal research, to enhance the efficiency of their research operations. In the current state of medical knowledge, whales present a valuable opportunity to help people with complex diagnoses. In general terms, any ban on whaling is likely to result in significant negative changes and serious losses, both economic and scientific. Nevertheless, ecological and animal rights organisations continue asserting that such a ban is necessary to restore the number of whales in natural marine ecosystems. Whaling and Nature: A Never Ending Debate? That whale populations decline and need a chance to restore their number is the central argument ecological organisations use to support the need on an international ban on whaling. Needless to say, whale populations do decline but whether whaling is the direct cause of ecological problems is difficult to define. The current state of research provides compelling evidence that the decline in the number of living whales is natural, and no ban can change it. The argument in favor of an international ban on whaling exemplifies a recurrent conflict between perception and rhetoric, and while more and more scientists vote for an international ban on whaling, even more scientists and organisations come to recognise the irrelevance of such a ban. The fact is in that scientists lack scientific evidence to prove that whale populations, including Atlantic humpbacks, can rebound sufficiently due to an international ban on whaling. Another question is in whether an international ban on whaling and, as a result, the growing number of whales is likely to misbalance the global marine ecosystem. Throughout the last centuries, the number of whales had been constantly declining. Whether more whales work for the better or the worse of the ecological system is still the issue of the major concern. The historical data regarding the number of whales that lived in the international ecosystems and were hunted throughout the last two-three centuries implies that whales living in super-abundance do not benefit ecological systems but, on the contrary, can â€Å"eat out the oceans as fast as they can go†. Scientific assumptions about potential extermination of whales are based on numbers – scientists believe that the rapidly declining number of whales during the last two centuries indicates the threat which whaling poses to the stability of whale and other fish populations in various marine ecosystems. However, before an international ban on whaling becomes a reality, scientists must decide what natural effects it will produce and whether it is worth banning whaling for the sake of insignificant changes in whale populations. Moreover, it would be fair to assume that even in case of such a ban, countries will continue their whaling activities; and not a ban but legalisation of whaling will give ecological organisations better opportunities to manage and monitor various whaling activities. Murray (2010) is correct, saying that the resumption of limited legal whaling will help organisations reign control of the practice and will, ultimately, save the lives of almost 18,000 whales every year. If ecologists seek effective means to restore whale populations, there is no way for them better than making whaling legal, acceptable, and widely spread. Conclusion Whaling is a controversial issue today. Thousands of ecological organisations vote for an international ban on whaling, to give whales a chance to restore their populations. There should be no international ban on whaling. Whaling is the source of significant economic benefits. Whaling benefits economies through more jobs and higher export profits. Indirect benefits of whaling imply an opportunity to preserve numerous fish stocks, including krill and cod, which whales consume in thousands. Whales benefit medical research and give a hope to cure the most complex human diseases. That the number of whales gradually declines is not necessarily the result of whaling but a natural process which no ban can stop. Legalisation of whaling will facilitate monitoring and managing whaling operations, and if ecologists seek effective means to control whale population there is no way for them better than to make whaling legal and acceptable. Recommendations Whaling should be legalised. Governments and ecological organisations must develop a system of quotas and limits to the annual number of whales available for hunting. A system of monitoring must be developed to control the number of whales killed for commercial purposes and the changes in whale populations in various ecosystems.

The Lasting Impresion of Reality Tv and Its Lack of Moral

Reality television has been around far longer than many give it credit. Many viewers forget about the very first reality television shows such as Big Brother, Survivor, and non-trashy versions of The Bachelor that displayed things such as alliance, friendship, and character development through the praises of its audience. Although newer shows have been accused of growing â€Å"trashier†; I feel that this change is actually only in response to the demand of its audience. Show popularity drops when the message they portray becomes â€Å"unhip†, or â€Å"uncool†.So in order to keep up ratings shows were forced to show what people wanted to see. As our country has slowly let go of morals and standards, its people have been forced to adapt. Reality television has been forced to diminish all possibilities for ever being labeled as â€Å"moral†. It has taken a direction for the worse and shows today lack little meaning or value. In its most current state, televis ion shows force its younger viewers to grow up faster, making younger and younger kids do adult things.These reality shows exemplify things such as sex, drugs, violence, and self-harm. Television producers these days simply have no problem exposing the youth to this rubbish. In fact, the producers are specifically targeting the youth with their unmoral and controversial shows. They often reward the rebel characters with extra TV time or book them for another reality show, while the moral and respectable characters are made out to be boring and hardly ever get rewarded.America keeps asking what is making each generation less and less moral, but they fail to recognize what kinds of examples are being set. Children have not become more influential, they simply have been influenced by worse things. In the past few years, there has been a major change to reality television that diminishes its moral teaching reputation. From music videos of half naked women to reality shows full of betray al, lies, and more vulgar than most can handle, the state of American television is in trouble.So where can you turn to when you want to avoid these unmoral shows and watch something good for a change? Well there is no clear-cut answer. Sadly, even some of the biggest networks such as CBS and NBC have started targeting the young crowd with shows that are completely inappropriate. The only solution to this problem is to simply search around a bit to find the perfect show for you. Use sites such as TVguide. com and Amazon. com to check out some reviews and customers' opinions on the show before you start getting into it..

Discuss the issue of legalization of marijuana Essay

Discuss the issue of legalization of marijuana - Essay Example Marijuana has always been a controversial drug, but it has become even more so since individual states have petitioned for its legalization for medical purposes. Though the long-term goal is to legalize the drug for recreational purposes, the short-term goal is to get it approved for medical uses. Some states, such as California, have opened up medical marijuana dispensaries, which allow people with prescriptions to obtain their drugs. They were able to be approved for medical marijuana because they provided proof that it is the only drug that can ease nausea and chronic pain. Doctors, scientists, and government officials alike believe that as long as the drug is being used for its intended purpose, then it should be legalized as a medical drug. Unfortunately, not all patients are using marijuana as directed. Since quite a few patients are able to grow their own medical marijuana, some have abused the system and have sold marijuana to be used as a recreational drug. While marijuana has shown its usefulness in helping some of the sickest patients, they are not helping society by making an illegal and controversial drug more readily available to the public. On the other side of the coin in regard to marijuana is legalization for recreational purposes. Many individuals from a variety of backgrounds have tried to compare marijuana with alcohol and cigarettes, attempting to convince those in power that marijuana is no worse than these other vices. Indeed, people have proven that marijuana is actually the lesser of the three evils (Regan 109). As such, it is believed that as long as marijuana is treated and regulated like alcohol and cigarettes, then there should be no reason for the drug to remain illegal. One of the assumed perks of legalized marijuana for recreational purposes is that drug-related crime will significantly decrease. This is due to the belief that if marijuana is legal, people will not have

LGBT clients Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LGBT clients - Essay Example This is important considering language has a history of being used to oppress and discriminate the LGBT community. Moreover, every person has a right to live an entirely functioning and emotionally healthy life regardless his or her gender identity and expression. The importance of understanding the terminologies to use when addressing a LGBT client, does not only show respect but also contribute to LGBT client’s self acceptant and Council’s competence in handling LGBT clients. There are several advantages in understanding the language and terminologies as a LGBT councilor. The first advantage is that such knowledge help in creating a welcoming environment for the LGBT persons and people close to them by establishing a counseling space that affirms LGBT person’s identity (Burnes et al, 2009). For example, a councilor may intentionally have LGBT-positive magazine in his or her counseling office and waiting rooms. The second advantage could be acceptable language help achieve an open, informative and fruitful discussion with a client on their experience. By doing so the councilor is able to assist the client overcome any potential inbuilt negative attitudes of themselves and their loved ones. Third advantage is that constan t use of acceptable language ensures that the counselors’ own perception or knowledge about LGBT does not interfere with his or her work. Lastly, understanding the LGBT’s languages makes it possible to acknowledge the diversity among LGBT people. For example, LGBT persons from different race, age or religion will use different terminology to refer to the same thing. There are a number of terms that the LGBT persons generally prefer being referred to and those they term abusive. The firs term one should avoid when referring to LGBTs is homosexuals, instead, use words such as, gay people, lesbians, or gay man. This is because homosexual is a clinical term that tend to

Business Plan for Longines Watches Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Plan for Longines Watches - Case Study Example It is proposed to start an excusive dealership of the world famous luxury brand of the company Longines in the city of New York. Longines is an internationally famous Swiss brand that has been in the business of manufacturing quality watches since the year 1832. The company is also well known as time-keepers in many international sporting events across the world. The dealership will be situated in the address given above and will be having an area of 2000 sq feet. The interiors will be according to the specifications given by the company and will be similar to other dealers across the world. The store will be temperature controlled with pleasant and well trained staff including a doorman. The venture will be in the form of a sole proprietorship. Advertising in the media will be the main strategy to be followed. Other marketing efforts will include appointment of marketing representatives and internet business. There are several aspects of the business that researcher presented in the case study that needs immediate attention. Firstly, financial planning and management and approaching banks for financial assistance for setting up business. Secondly, the researcher prepared the SWOT analysis for knowing areas of strengths and weaknesses and described the budgeting and financial forecasting for future years. Thirdly, the researcher demonstrated human resources management and personnel management in the case study and other areas which may be of concern for start up trading companies. ... Ten sales persons will be appointed to serve customers. They will be given proper training in technicalities and etiquette. Luxury watch brand market: The luxury branded watch market in the United Sates is dominated only by a few well known international companies. They include apart from Longines, Accutron, Bulova, Citizen, Colibri, ESQ, Movado, Pulsar and Seiko. All these brands, especially Citizen, Longines and Seiko are well known and need no introduction to the market. Growth Rate: It is estimated that the venture will have a growth rate of 10% per year. Outlook: Growing affluence and the need for exclusivity among customers are advantages in this type of industry. The outlook is that the venture will be able to maintain a growth rate of 10% for the next five years. Mission statement: To be the most preferred luxury watch outlet in the city of New York Uniqueness: The dealership of one of the most respected and oldest watch brands in the world. Being an exclusive outlet will allow us to give a better pricing to our customers when compared to sub-dealers of the same brand. Key factors: Quality and name of the brand, high quality customer service and after sales service. Market analysis: Our customers come from up-market backgrounds, occasional purchase by the middle income group, organizations who use our products as gifts. There is no special off season or lean season for this segment and business is expected to be steady throughout the year. It is expected that sales will be higher during festive seasons like Christmas and New Year. It is estimated that there will at least 500,000 potential customers in the city. Distributed among our competitors, we estimate that we have 75,000 potential

Experimenter Effects Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Experimenter Effects - Research Paper Example To improve experimenter effects for this article implies the reduction of the experimenter’s personal traits, behaviour, and expectancies in the ability of using Magnet Hospital program in reducing RN shortages. To prove that this program can effectively reduce nursing shortage, the experiment would employ the use of double-blind research. In this research, several hospitals are chosen with an acute care and step-down units. Some of the RNs in the acute care or the step-down units under the supervision of the advanced practice nurse. In My opinion, this approach would reduce experimenter effects, since error is reduce from the selection of a number of hospitals. Secondly, the experiment is carried out on either the acute care or step-down unit nurses in any of the hospitals. Thirdly, the margin of biasness, assumptions, perceptions and beliefs in conclusions, would b reduced by having a number of the RN nurses under the advanced practice nurse, who may or may not have a major leadership role in decision making, policy making, or design development. This method would work since the experimenter is not aware of the subjects under the experiment, due to the variance in

Design and Contemporary Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Design and Contemporary Culture - Essay Example The authors also highlight the importance of ideology in creating meaning by providing channels of interpretation for individual thought processes. The authors further define representation as â€Å"the social production of meaning through sign systems†. (p. 68) 2. Media interpretation is based on a plurality of values and perspectives. O’Brien and Szeman introduce an example of a discussion of media violence in Canada to illustrate the way facts and figures can be used to support multiple or conflicting viewpoints in popular media. (pp. 69-71) As media sources form the public dialogue through which meaning is created in modern society, the authors encourage questioning the effects of power, structure, and hierarchy on values that are disseminated in popular culture. 3. Signs are â€Å"the fundamental units of communication† (p.71). O’Brien and Szeman seek to expand the concept of language from alphabetical arrangements and linguistic terminologies to inco rporate the full range of images, symbols, and objects that are used to express meaning in society. This leads to the incorporation of music, fashion, and body language into a greater definition or understanding of language, that can also be related to cross-cultural differences in morals, values, and collective understanding. (p.71) 4. Structuralism and semiotics in theory. O’Brien and Szeman introduce the theoretical basis for structuralism and semiotics in linguistic analysis, stating that the implied meaning of words, signs, and language are less important than the grammatical relationships between terms and their position in hierarchies of social power that are created through personal and collective awareness of systems of meaning in social groups. (pp.71-72) 5.Sausserian Linguistics and Semiotics – a new discipline. The modern understanding of meaning in language is in debt to Ferdinand de Saussure who is credited with inventing the genre or discipline of  "semiotics† that is intended to study â€Å"the life of signs within a society† in a synchronic rather than diachronic or historical model of development. (p. 73) Similar theories were advanced by C.S. Pierce in America through psychological literature. (p. 73) 6. Mythological Interpretation in Barthes’ Cultural Theory. O’Brien and Szeman discuss the work of Roland Barthes in mythological understanding to show how meaning is created socially from â€Å"connotative† values. (p.74) The symbols of mythology combine to fuse the essential values or ethos of a culture through â€Å"chain(s) of associated concepts† linking meaning, memory, and tradition, as in racial or humanistic identity structures. (p. 74) 7. Barthes’ Critique of Humanism. Barthes’ work engages mythology from the perspective of pop culture, as in the instance of â€Å"The Great Family of Man† exhibit in France in the 1960s. (p. 74) While humanism posits a nat ural unity of cultures and races, semiotics contextualizes this popular understanding in the context of history and difference, which suggests that the meaning derived from the symbolic patterns in the exhibit resemble the cultural understanding derived from mythology which then becomes â€Å"fact† via a shared societal acceptance of the value system. 8.

Christians and War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Christians and War - Essay Example Theorists' points of view concerning War are also highly influential in this research and Thomas Aquinas is one of the theorists whose ideas about War can be found within the compiled pages. The conclusion demonstrates that War is not ever pretty nor is it wanted by anyone but there are times where moral obligation and intervention to protect others rights are necessary and of which can lead to a period of War in the world. The finality is the fact that War is an actual part of life and has been occurring since the biblical times and therefore the only thing that society can morally do is come to accept that it is an occurrence that will always be looming in the background of everyday existence. War, from a Christian perspective has to meet many moral principles in order for it to be justified. However, Vance's1 literary work (2005) defines the fact that for centuries Christians have been opposed to war under any form or even when there has been proof that there are legitimate reasons for it. Of course this is only one theologians point of view, others such as Father Webster of the Orthodox faith and Professor Darrell Cole have stated in the past and currently that there is a moral justification found in some acts of war and they both agree that the war in Iraq is one prime example for a Christian justification for the entity of war to be accepted by Christians everywhere2. For instance, when Christians look back in time, back to the biblical period it can be seen that war was a part of life even when Jesus walked among the people. There were armies of soldiers in the name of Jesus Christ and the fighting that took place in this period was considered to be morally justified and pertinent to the Christian cause. Although there no longer exists armies of Christian warriors fighting to protect the knowledge of Jesus against the Roman Empire there are soldiers who fight in wars for countries who are bonafide Christians and fight for what they perceive to be morally right and with justified cause 3. Father Webster states that for some theologians to claim that war is not justified under any means and that Christians should always turn away from it is morally wrong due to the fact that soldiers can display Christian virtue and stating otherwise is derivative of a pacifist's view point4. This brings in the concept among many Christians titled the, "Just War Th eory," which as was mentioned is the main theorization put to use by those of a Christian following to try and determine the cause and justification for any war in present times and the past as well. The utilization of the Just War theory, of which this researcher agrees about as well, has been used to evaluate military actions for decades. The initial historical thinkers who first recognized this theory were wide and varied, some being Cicero, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, Grotius, and Daniel Webster . As was stated it is a Christian based theorization which Christians and even non-Christians alike have utilized to determine

Statement of purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statement of purpose - Essay Example I chose to major in English Language because I had a clear vision of the advantages of learning English. I became aware of the difficulties in learning the language, surmounted these difficulties with the guidance of my teachers, and decided to use my experience to help my people to learn and use the language for their material, cultural and spiritual progress. Some of my teachers were native speakers of English. There were advantages in learning their language from them, but I think some of my people may find it easier to be taught by one of their own. It was, therefore, natural, that I should apply for the post of an English Language teacher in my country. By the grace of God, the authorities recognized my qualifications, my skills, and my ambition and appointed me to the post. Again, by the grace of God, they acknowledged my merits by promoting me very soon to the position of Head of the General Studies Department. Even as I was trying to master the art of teaching a foreign language to my countrymen, in my early days of teaching, I knew that I needed to learn more about the language and about the latest methods of teaching. When I became Head of the General Studies Department, I realized that I should wait no longer. I discussed this with the Director of the Institute, and he warmly supported my views and wishes.

What changes in Americans values and lifestyles signaled the rise of Essay

What changes in Americans values and lifestyles signaled the rise of consumer culture - Essay Example In politics, consumerism has been applied to symbolize something quite diverse known as consumerist movement, consumer activism or consumer protection. This strives to inform and protect consumers by demanding practices like product guarantees, honest advertising and packaging, and better safety standards. Therefore, in politics consumerism is a set of rules that are aimed at regulating the methods, services, and products. In addition, they regulate the standards of advertisers, sellers, and manufacturers in the benefits of the buyer. In the economic domain, consumerism denotes to financial policies putting weight on consumption. In a theoretical sense, it is the deliberation that the free selection of consumers must strongly direct the selection by producers of what is manufactured, and thus direct the financial organization of a society. In this case, consumer culture articulates the idea not of one voice, one man, but of one voice, one dollar that might not reflect the contribution of an individual to society1. Since the completion of the twentieth century, the economics, politics, and culture of the American’s has been remodeled by the rapid increase of consumer culture. In what has been purported to be the progress of the vicarious leisure class, and its difference from the overall body of the employed class, orientation has been made to an additional division of labor between the dissimilar servant classes2. A single part of the servant class, mainly those individuals whose job is vicarious leisure, emanate to carry out a new, lesser range of responsibilities- the vicarious consumption of goods. The most common form where the consumption happens is viewed in the wearing of uniforms and the livelihood of capacious servant quarters3. A scarcer, less effective, less obstructive, and widely prevalent form of vicarious consumption is the clothing, food consumption, furniture and dwelling by the woman and the rest of the national establishment. Noticeable

Adults with Learning Disabilities Essay Example for Free

Adults with Learning Disabilities Essay The discourse of ‘learning disabilities’ is now being used to challenge a wide range of acts and practices, including violence and intimidation, non-consenting sexual acts, the bullying of less resilient people by more able service users, unacceptably deprived physical or social environments and financial exploitation or fraud. Some argue that it should include all abuses of human rights. Clearly, these issues are not new as the following essay illustrates, and historically some of these practices have been hidden within service cultures while others have been quite open but variously rationalized as ‘behavior modification’, ‘relationships’, ‘control and restraint’, or ‘not giving in to attention seeking’. Abuse was regarded as a central, and inevitable, feature of institutionalized provision in influential models such as that of Goffman (1961) and Wolfensberger (1975 and 1980) within an analysis whose focus was on organizations and ideology. The new discourse is much more personalized and within it the focus is on the experience of the victim. This has some advantages for individuals and highlights some dilemmas for service organizations. It makes clear that people with learning disabilities are harmed, as any individual would be, by personal or sexual violence or exploitation. Harm is deemed equivalent whoever has caused it, for example whether it has been perpetrated by another service user, a member of staff or a stranger. This way of framing harmful acts highlights conflicts of interest between service users: the discourse of ‘challenging behavior’ for example, designed to neutralize the stigma of difficult behavior, inadvertently deflects from and discounts the experience of those on the receiving end of difficult behavior. Naming these acts as abusive confronts service agencies with the need for specialized, safe (expensive) placements for those who present a risk to others. Men with learning disabilities who have difficult sexual behaviors, for example, are often placed alongside very vulnerable people, their needs for asylum taking precedence over the safety of more vulnerable people (Thompson and Brown 1998). But while this acknowledgement is a step forward for individuals ,the new discourse risks personalizing forms of mistreatment that arise out of societal and structural inequalities. At an individual level, when issues of power are overlooked or neutralized, abusive and exploitative interactions can be explained away as relationships of choice. At a service level, new fault-lines between agencies and between purchasers, providers and regulators set up contingencies that make abuse more likely and less visible. At a societal level, there is growing inequality between the pay and working conditions of managerial, professional and so-called ‘unqualified’ staff within and across the statutory, private (for-profit) and voluntary (not-for-profit) sectors. Gender and race exacerbate the unequal position of direct care staff and the disproportionate responsibility that falls on them. This paper divides into two parts. First, I shall review the current usage of the term ‘learning disabilities’, looking at how it is being defined and categorized. Second, I will outline what is emerging as good practice in this field. WHAT DOES A LEARNING DISABILITY LOOK LIKE? Let me explain this with an exaomple: Saras lifelong difficulty with reading and writing had nothing to do with not being smart. Most individuals who have a learning disability are of average to above average intelligence and therefore have the intellectual potential to succeed at school and in careers. But they often do not reach this potential. While effort and motivation are important for success, it is clearly unfair to say of someone with a learning disability that he or she just needs to try harder. No matter how hard Sara worked, her problems did not go away. We know that a learning disability is caused by specific dysfunction within the central nervous system. The central nervous system, made up of the brain and the spinal cord, controls everything we do: our ability to process and think about language and to express ourselves verbally, as well as our ability to process nonverbal information, including art or music. Saras symptoms included reversing or rotating numbers (6 for 9), letters (b for d;p for q), and words (was for saw; on for no) when writing; omitting letters and sounds; and making sound and word substitutions when reading (tril for trial;then for there). Such problems make it difficult to decode words, and these decoding errors are most evident when reading aloud. Though never diagnosed, Saras symptoms became evident in first grade, when formal reading instruction began. As we learn to read we must of course master the alphabet, which is like a code, and learn the relationship between letters and sounds. Reading is a process of decoding the clusters of letters, converting them into words, and then attaching meaning to the words. In many cases, problems with phonological processing the ability to receive, transform, remember, and retrieve the sounds of oral language interfere with the acquisition of reading skills. Phonological processing involves the ability to separate a word into its component parts or blend sounds to construct a word. Problems with these skills make it very hard for the beginning reader to achieve fluency. Comprehension of written material depends on accurate and fluent decoding, a good vocabulary, and comprehension of the grammatical structure of sentences. When these skills are not developed that is, when they are slow and labored the reader must devote more energy and effort to identifying and comprehending each individual word, rather than constructing meaning from an entire paragraph or from general context. For many years, researchers believed that the reader automatically moved from reading the words on a page to comprehending, without participating in the process of constructing meaning. But recent research points to the fact that the reader plays an active role: using background knowledge about the subject, calling on appropriate strategies for both decoding and comprehension, and applying the right amount of attention and concentration. Reading strategies are now considered essential components of the reading process. These might include paraphrasing while reading or summarizing afterward to help with comprehension. Competent readers are able to evaluate the reading task and select strategies that are a good fit or match to the task. In Saras case, she read slowly and had to reread material several times, so she found it difficult to comprehend content or recall important facts when questioned about them later. Unlike good readers, she did not rely on strategies that could help her. She also struggled with writing. Many times she was ashamed to submit patient reports because she knew they were filled with spelling, punctuation, and grammatical errors and were not organized or structured well. Her reports never reflected her knowledge or keen insight into patient care. Writing problems can be seen at any age, although they become more evident as academic or work demands increase. While Sara knew what she wanted to say, she had trouble getting started, focusing on the essential facts, and editing effectively. She tended to use the same words over and over. This was so different from her spoken language, which was rich and varied. Not surprisingly, it took her a long time and a good deal of effort to complete her reports. Her mathematical skills, though, were more than adequate. But there are people with learning disabilities who have problems understanding mathematical concepts or difficulty solving verbal or written mathematical problems. These problems may stem from more than one source, including inadequate spatial or directional sense and difficulty understanding abstract symbols or the language of mathematics. To use a basic example, someone who does not have a good understanding of concepts such as plus and minus is going to find it hard to identify the process needed to solve a mathematical problem. Learning strategies will be of great help to this person. Sara was also troubled by her erratic performance at work. Some days, she would be fine. But when she was fatigued or stressed, she found her attention was poor and she made more than the usual number of errors. At these times, she did not feel in control and usually needed to take a break and call on the support of friends to help her get back on track. While Sara felt her social life to be strength, some individuals who have learning disabilities have difficulty in social situations because they cannot perceive others needs and make or keep friends. Relationships with family and friends and associates on the job may suffer. As a way of compensating, an individual may avoid social situations altogether and thus become isolated. Others may struggle with low self-esteem and a lack of assertiveness, which can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies of failure. Moreover, repeated negative experiences in school and at home can discourage an individual from even trying. Many individuals who have learning disabilities have difficulty planning ahead and then evaluating their performance in academic courses or work-related tasks. Planning involves the ability to determine the outlines of a task and the skills it will require. Planning helps us generate strategies or know when to ask for outside help. We are not always conscious of initiating this type of planning because so many tasks are performed automatically, such as remembering a frequently called phone number by using a mnemonic, or writing notes in a book or on a memo. But when tasks are new or complex, active planning is needed. Other learning problems may stem from an inability to manage ones time effectively to get something done on schedule. For example, many college students do not leave sufficient time to research and write a term paper, and end up frantically completing it the night before it is due. Or a manager may delay writing a budget or marketing report, finding it hard to begin. In order to use strategies at school, at home, or on the job, we need to be aware of ourselves as learners. Researchers have suggested that each of us has our own built-in executive function that directs and controls our actions. If this executive is efficient and aware of individual skills and the strategies needed to accomplish a task, the appropriate plan of action can be put into effect. If the plan is unsuccessful, then the executive reevaluates and initiates a new course of action. Individuals who have learning disabilities have a less efficient executive, the theory goes, and are therefore less able to generate and use effective strategies in their personal and professional lives. In addition to learning disabilities, a large number of adults suffer from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD affects an individuals ability to focus and concentrate on school or work tasks, and to make good use of strategies. The struggle to achieve is so much harder with the added burden of ADHD. Although external factors do not cause a learning disability, we know that they do play a significant role in learning. It is well documented that the environment we live and work in influences and helps to shape our learning patterns, behavior, and sense of self. Research has consistently shown that the type and quality of support provided both at school and within the home are strong determinants of success in school, at work, or in ones personal life. For example, a supportive family, early identification of learning problems, and appropriate intervention may make all the difference in helping an individual compensate for the disability. Learning disabilities are found throughout the world and in all socioeconomic groups they are not bound by culture or language. Approximately the same numbers of males as females have learning disabilities, and the problem tends to run in families. Many prominent figures in politics, science, and the arts are reported to have had a learning disability, among them Nelson Rockefeller, Winston Churchill, Albert Einstein, Thomas Edison, and Auguste Rodin. Einstein, for example, was described as having difficulty learning a foreign language and mathematics of all things! He also struggled with other academic subjects and with writing. All adults face the challenges and rewards of employment, home and family, leisure pursuits, community involvement, emotional and physical health, and personal responsibility and relationships. Adults who have learning disabilities must manage these life demands with an added set of problems. Society expects adults to be self-supporting, to function within a community, and to exhibit appropriate social behavior. Typically, to be self-supporting one must be employed. Employment for most adults spans a long period of time. It may begin with the exit from high school and continue for fifty or more years. While research on the employment of adults who have learning disabilities is sparse, and the findings that are available reflect the heterogeneity of the population, the information reported is unfortunately discouraging. It suggests that individuals with learning disabilities, as a group, show higher rates of unemployment, have jobs of lower status, receive lower pay, and change jobs more frequently than those without learning disabilities. Of course, there are many individuals at all levels of the workforce who do attain professional success. Further, there are well-documented accounts of persons with learning disabilities throughout history who have made significant contributions to society, among the most notable being Einstein, Edison, Churchill, and Rockefeller. It is important to keep in mind that adults who have learning disabilities who have above average intelligence, come from middle to higher economic backgrounds, and/or have completed postsecondary education, have higher rates of employment, higher job status, and greater job satisfaction than this research indicates. Those who graduate from college are much more likely to hold professional or managerial positions, for example, than those who have only a high school diploma. What makes success on the job so difficult for some people with learning disabilities? For one thing, persistent problems with reading, writing, and arithmetic can interfere with their work. Many report that they continue to struggle with decoding skills, sight vocabulary, and reading rate. Banking tasks and money management often bring out their troubles with arithmetic. Spelling is frequently reported to be the biggest problem of all. The level of basic skills that is required in the current job market is expanding to include more abstract abilities. Employers want their workers not only to be proficient in basic skills but also to be able to use these skills effectively and efficiently to solve on-the-job problems. Employers want the people they hire to be able to read for information, to analyze and synthesize the material, and apply the material read to on-the-job situations. They further expect employees to analyze problems, formulate solutions, and communicate that process, in writing, to others. Workplace mathematics, like reading and writing, also requires identification of the problem, analysis, and then the ability to find a solution. Employers further expect good interpersonal skills. The ability to use technology and information systems is becoming more essential as well. To do all of these things efficiently and effectively, workers must have mastered basic skills and be able to apply thinking skills. They also need personal qualities such as individual responsibility, self-esteem, and self management. The nature of a learning disability may affect the development of some of these competencies. For example, because of years of struggle and failure, self-esteem may be low and self-monitoring skills may not be functioning effectively. Employers often do not understand what a learning disability is, thus making it even more difficult for the adults with learning disabilities whom they supervise. Because employers cannot see the disability and may have limited knowledge about learning disabilities, they may find it difficult to understand that the problems are real. Therefore, they may fail to provide the necessary accommodations and supportive environment. They may often fail to recognize that, with assistance, workers who have learning disabilities may be tremendous assets to the company. A learning disability is a lifelong condition. Some adults, by the time they have completed their formal education, have learned to compensate for their difficulties. For many others, difficulties continue and to varying degrees impact on careers, social relationships, and activities of daily living. There are adults who were diagnosed as children and received services under the guidelines of PL 94-142. But more and more adults, who never knew why school was so hard, are now addressing the problem by initiating an assessment and seeking services to help them cope with their disabilities. Adults who have learning disabilities are a heterogeneous group. Some struggle with reading and writing, some with mathematical tasks, some with the basic challenges of daily life. There are adults who have learning disabilities who have trouble finding and keeping a job; others are professionally successful yet cannot seem to develop a satisfying social life. And there are those who seem to have few problems as they successfully negotiate the range of lifes demands. Adults who have learning disabilities are not merely children with learning disabilities grown up. The impact of having a learning disability differs at each stage of development. And adulthood itself has many stages, each with its unique challenges. Satisfaction or dissatisfaction at one stage does not guarantee the same degree of adjustment at another. At one point, the adult might deal with self-identity, at another with employment and economic independence, and still another with personal responsibility and relationships. As a group, adults who have learning disabilities represent a broad spectrum of the population. We see individuals of different ages, from different socioeconomic, ethnic, and cultural groups. We see different clusters of social and learning problems that affect education, social, personal, and occupational adjustments. The field now recognizes the unique needs of the adult who has learning disabilities, and as such has responded by providing legal protection, programs, services, and an ever-developing information base. Where do we stand today? References: Erikson, E. H. 1968. Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton. Hallahan, D. P. , Lloyd, J. W. , Kauffman, J. M. , Weiss, M. P. , Martinez, E. A. (2005). Learning disabilities: Foundations, characteristics, and effective teaching (3rd ed. ). Toronto: Pearson Education, Inc. Johnson, D. J. , Blalock, J. W. (1987). Adults with learning disabilities: Clinical studies. Orlando: Grune Stratton. Jordan, D. R. (1996). Teaching adults with learning disabilities. The professional practices in adult education and human resource development series. Malabar, Fla: Krieger Pub. Shapiro, J. , Rich, R. (1999). Facing learning disabilities in the adult years. New York: Oxford University Press. Wong, B. Y. L. (1998). Learning about learning disabilities. San Diego: Academic Press.

The Effects Of Globalization On Boots Economics Essay

The Effects Of Globalization On Boots Economics Essay Globalization Globalization is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy. Globalization involves technological, economical and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure. Cultural aspects: People from different parts of the world come to work in an organisation. This helps to combine various ideas which in turn help to enhance the performance of work in a better way. Economic aspects: Due to globalization, the position of any organization is filled by diverse cultural workforce, due to this factor the HR gets various options for getting the work done and that to on a lower pay scale and this boost the performance of the company by getting the work done in estimated time. The expanding scale, growing magnitude, speeding up and deepening impact of transcontinental flows and patterns of social interaction (Held andMcGrew, Globalization/Anti-Globalization, p. 1) Integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, direct foreign investmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦short-term capital flows, international flows of workers and humanity generally, and flows of technologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Bhagwati, p. 3) Eras of Globalization First Era of Globalization (about 1850-1914) Interwar Period (1920-1939) Cold War Era (1945-1989) Second Era of Globalization (1989-Present) Boots UK Boots UK limited is a leading pharmaceuticals and beauty product chain in the UK. It is a member of Alliance Boots, an international pharmacy health and beauty product. Boots products are aliable in USA, Canada, Netherland, Norway, Sweden, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, UK and The Republic of Ireland. Boots globalisation The purchase of Sun Pharma an Indian third largest pharmaceuticals company, will add significance values to boots. The acquisition is consistent with Boots mergers and acquisition guidelines for revenue growth and expansion, niche, good synergies, access to new market and customer, ensuring growth potential and shareholder value adding. Others news of Boots Extension of pilots in the Netherland. No 7 pilot in Finland Increased our presence in Thailand. Example of foreign pharmaceuticals company AstraZeneca In June 2003, the Anglo-Swedish pharmaceuticals company, AstraZeneca(AZ), Research facility in Bangalore, with a focus on new treatment for tuberculosis with more than 100 scientists with other AZ RD centres, particularly those in Boston, USA and Cheshire, UK AZ CEO, Sir Tom McKIllop, explained that the decision to conduct the RD in India was because of the quality of Indian scientists. GlaxoSmithKline and Ranbaxy In October 2003, UK-headquartered pharmaceutical company, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), and Indias largest pharmaceutical company, Ranbaxy Laboratories, announced a drug discovery. Under the agreement, the two companies divide the research and development work between them. GSK has special commercialisation responsibilities worldwide, while Ranbaxy takes the lead in the huge Indian market, with GSKs consent, may co-promote in both the US and EU. Example of other pharmaceuticals globalisation company. Jubilant Organosys acquire Cadista Pharmaceuticals US company in 2005 Aurobindo Pharma acquires an manufacturing plant in Dayton, New Jersy in 2006. Dr Reddys has MHRA approved manufacturing plant in the UK Wockhardit has manufacturing plant in the UK, Ireland, and France Advantages of Pharmaceuticals Company in India Low cost manufacturing Low wages rate High quality research Manufacturing facilities Educated personal Indian huge market Benefit to Boots When Boots produce a medicine and cosmetic product in India and sell to the European country and Middle East. Due to the Brand Name of Boots and Sun Pharma Boots can sell a medicine in India and Asian country. Net profit will increased to  £ 950 million in next year which is  £ 350 million more than 2010. Production cost of Medicine in UK and India Name of medicine Production cost in UK Production cost in India Paracetamol 500 mg 10 tablet  £0.230  £0.020 Albendazole 400 mg 1tablet  £0.540  £0.025 Amoxycillin 500mg 10 capsule  £0.940  £0.390 Cipro 500 mg 10 capsule  £1.150  £0.540 Omeprazole 40 mg 10 capsule  £2.123  £0.440 Vitamin B complex 10 capsule  £0.650  £0.100 Metformin 500mg 10 tablet  £0.690  £0.110 Source: http://www.pharmaceutical-drug-manufacturers.com/pharmaceutical-industry/ All this above cost shows that manufacturing medicine in India is up to 5 times less than UK Reason for increased globalisation Boots has moved their business operation to foreign by going global. In order to remain competitive Boots move as fast to secure a strong position in emerging markets with different pharmaceuticals and beauty product for to customized for the need of the customer. Indian market is attracting Boots with new capital investments and very good incentivise. Some of the reasons for increased globalisation of business are: Trade barriers Customer demands Regulation and restrictions Globalisation of competitors Boots is manufacturing their products in order to avoid the burden of traffic, the policy of buy-local, quotes and other restrictions that makes exports too expensive to foreign market. They are also responding to customer demand for effective operations and product reliability also logistical operation. In compare to India European laws and regulation has many restriction which are inconvenient and expansive. Globalisation of competitors is another reason. The aggressive reasons for globalisation are: Growth opportunities Resources asses and cost saving Economic of scale Incentives Why globalisation in India? The GDP growth also shows that there is no affected in India when there is an economic crisis in the world 2008 and 2009. In 2008 USA and UK has 3.0 and 0.5 representative but India has 7.3 and when there is crises in 2009 -0.8 in USA and -4.8 in UK. The crises has not affected more India still have 5.6. The GDP growth is more in 2010 USA has growth to2.7 and UK to 1.3 but India has increased up to 7.7. This forecasts by international monetary fund shows that developing Asian countries has not affected at the time of economic crises. These GDP growths also encourage Boots to globalisation to India. Disadvantages of globalisation Guy Brainbant : The process of globalisation not only include opening up a world trade and more generally increased mobility of person, goods, capital, data and idea but also infection, diseases and population. Disadvantages of globalisation are Intense competition Exploitation of worker. Harder for small business to established themselves Gap between rich and poor countries Income generated in host countries may not be spend in same countries Conclusion There are more advantages of globalisation in developing countries India. Boots will create competitive strategy that will fulfil its corporate goals. Boots must allocate capital funds where they will be more effective and derived the highest return on our investment. Bibliography Globalisation and Poverty: Centre for International Economics, Australia. WIDER ANNUAL LECTURE 6: Winners and Losers over two centuries of Globalisation: Jeffery G. Williamson

Influence Of Female Pop Singers

Influence Of Female Pop Singers Female American-based pop-singers have become more popular over the years in America. Women in this position can be powerful role-models for the adolescent female population. However, concern has been raised over whether these artists use this influence positively or if they have a negative influence. Although there are a few artists who clearly use their influence in a positive way, the majority seem to affect girls negatively. Firstly, the life-style of female American pop-singers and the ideas they convey through their song lyrics reinforce materialism in adolescent girls. Secondly, these artists have a negative influence on the body image of teenage girls. Thirdly female pop-singers from America display self-destructive behaviour and are bad role-models. Consequently, female American pop-singers have a negative influence on teenage girls. Due to the life-style choices female American pop-stars make and the ideas they express in their song lyrics, female pop-singers from America reinforce materialism in teenage girls. Many of these pop-singers clearly express materialistic ideas in their songs. In the song Material Girl, written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans, Madonna sings: Because the boy with the cold hard cash / Is always Mister Right, because we are/ Living in a material world and I am a material girl. The song has been covered by several pop-culture icons like Britney Spears and Hilary Duff, introducing the song to new generations each time. Another example is Nicki Minajs song 1234: And I call Saks Fifth Ave-y home. That is where a real bad Barbie roam. By Saks Fifth Ave she means the store Saks, located on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Saks is a store which sells only the most expensive designer clothing. Nicki Minaj declares with these lyrics that girls who want to be cool, who want to be like her, should sho p at this particular store. By expressing this, she encourages materialism. What might be even more influential than their song lyrics are the life-style choices female American pop-singers make. Jennifer Lopez wore a 15000 dollar dress to last years Grammy awards. In 2011, the birthday present Beyoncà © bought her husband was a Bugatti worth two million dollars. Most of the handbags these women carry with them do not have prices under 3000 dollars. Teenage girls who look up to these women will start thinking that being like their idols includes having the same expensive items they have. The combined pressure of what female American pop-singers express in their songs and the life-style choices they make reinforce materialism in teenagers. Female American pop-singers influence the body image of teenage girls in a negative way. Some female pop artists start their career with an average body, but often succumb to the general beauty ideal in the world of stardom. A fitting example is the story of Demi Lovato, a young woman who started her career by singing and acting for Disney. She was often referred to as the fat Disney girl. By now Demi has admitted she started suffering from Anorexia Nervosa because the pressure of having to be thin became too much for her. Other female American pop-stars who suffered from eating disorders are Alanis Morissette, Britney Spears, Kelly Clarkson and Mariah Carey, and there are many more. All started out with an average body but lost weight until they were more like other celebrities in their environment. Teenage girls idolize these pop-singers and see them as their role-models; they will do almost anything to achieve a similar look to their idols. In her M.A. thesis on feminism Jodie Sim ons wrote: This appeal to adolescent girls to conform to strict hegemonic norms of beauty is not simply embodied in the artists appearance but is also sung about in their songs. An example of such a song is Katy Perrys California Gurls. In the music video of this song Katy Perry is either naked or she is wearing a miniature bikini. She herself is the ultimate California girl. The appearance of American female pop artists, as well as the message about beauty they convey in their lyrics, is unrealistic and are a negative influence on adolescent women. Female American pop-singers often display self-destructive behaviour and are bad role models because of this. Since they are celebrities, their choices and behaviour are constantly watched by the media. Magazines and television channels rather show bad behaviour than good behaviour because it is more interesting to the public and thus brings in more money. The world of female pop artists is very competitive; there is always fresh talent. This competitiveness causes artists to try to stay in the spotlight at any cost. The artists also have more occasions on which they will be inclined to make bad decisions than young adults without these resources or circumstances. Yet, these artists are role-models and should act like they are. Rihanna, now 24, is a perfect example of a bad role model. Rihanna expresses very graphic sexual ideas in some of her songs, which are degrading to women. She also claims in her songs that women should invite men to have sex with them. Rihanna confessed she ha d a sex-addiction herself. There are several nude photos of her on the internet that are easy to find. In February 2009, Rihanna was brutally beaten by her partner, Chris Brown, a few weeks ago it became official that she is involved with Chris Brown once again. Rihanna gives her younger fans graphic ideas about sexuality, she degrades femininity and she indirectly claims it is forgivable when a woman is beaten by her partner. This year Rihanna was named one of the most influential people in the world by Time Magazine. Being so influential Rihanna is a bad role-model for the millions of adolescent girls who adore her. Another example is Miley Cyrus, a Disney child-star who wanted a more adult image and started dancing with a stripper pole, with barely any clothes on in one of her music videos. This left parents with teenage daughters horrified, since their childs idol had suddenly transformed into a bad role-model. There are certainly female pop artists in America who are decent or good role-models. However, they are overshadowed by a majority of bad role-models. Female pop artists in America are always role-models, but because of the self-destructive choices they make and the bad behaviour they display they become bad role-models. To conclude, the life-style of female pop artists from America and the suggestions in their song lyrics strengthen materialism in young girls. Secondly, female American pop-singers have a negative influence on teenage girls. Thirdly, these pop artists are bad role-models partly because of the self-destructive behaviour they exhibit. Although there are female pop artists in America who do not influence girls in such a way, the extent of their colleagues who do have this negative influence is much greater. In general, female American pop-singers have a negative influence on teenage girls.

The Dominican Republic :: essays research papers

The Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic is located on the island of Hispanola located in the Caribbean Sea. It takes up about 2/3 of the island which it shares with Haiti. Dominican Republic's total area is 48,734 square kilometers. The Dominican Republic Jas a tropical maritime climate. The temperatures are moderated though by the ocean currents and year-round trade winds. The average temperature is around 720F and 800F, it hardly ever drops below 600F and it also hardly ever riser above 900F. It isn't uncommon though to get frost in the higher elevations. Dominican Republic's rainy season is between May and November rainfall is the heaviest in the north and east of the country. Although agriculture is the most important resource in the Dominican Republic it has many mineral resources. Some of these resources are nickel being the leading export as well as bauxite, gold, and rock salt. The population of the Dominican Republic is around 7.8 million. Close to 40% of that population is under the age of 16. More and more Dominicans are migrating to the cities for a better chance at life. This has greatly effected the rural population by shrinking it steadily. About half of the total population is located between Santiago de los Caballeros and San Pedro de Macoris. Another 1/3 of the population is located in the capitol city of Santo Domingo and between the cities of La Romana and San Cristobal. The annual growth rate is estimated to be at 1.71% for the next couple of years until the year 2000. Mulattos form the largest ethnic group in the Dominican Republic being roughly 73% of the population. The next largest group is 16% Caucasian and 11% Black. The life expectancy from birth is for males 65 years and for females 69 years. Out of 100,000 live births 61.4% of the babies die. The start religion for the Dominican Republic is Roman Catholicism. Over 90% of the population is Catholic. Free public education is offered through the high school level and attendance is mandatory through the 6th grade. A lot of the Dominicans don't finish school for various reasons. Although 3/4 of the residents start school only about 1/3 finish. Some of the urban families send their children to private schools called colegios. As for after high school there is universities and trade schools. The Dominican Republic currently has about 1 telephone per every 24 people in the country. There are roughly 16 million long distance calls and 5 million international calls made in the country every year. There is 11,400 Km of roads in the Dominican Republic and 49% of that amount of roads are paved.

Disney Films Essay -- Movies Walt Disney Essays

Disney Films In Disney films, motherhood is generally featured as latent, inexistent, or enacted by an evil stepmother. The conflicts which arise in the majority of the films usually due to the missing biological mother, either through her death, through her removal from the life of the child, or the stepmother. This sheds a poor and/or dark light on the role of motherhood. An example of a Disney film in which the mother is latent is Sleeping Beauty. The main character, Briar-Rose, a princess, has a mother, but she does not know her. She was removed from her parents at birth in order to protect her life. The mother appears only at the beginning and the end of the film, when Briar-Rode is born, and then on her sixteenth birthday when she is to be wed. This latency makes motherho...

Employer Rights and Responsibilites Essay

Their are certain laws in place which cover employment. Employment law is likely to have a profound impact on employees throughout their working lives. It governs the employment of every employee and working in the UK. Any worker or employee working in the UK is entitled to certain employment rights, and protected by employment law. Employment law does not always work in the favour of the employed as it also protects the rights of employers too. There are numerous employment rights. It is important for these laws to be fully understood, otherwise it is possible to end up going down the route of unfair dismissal and discrimination claims. It is vital an employee stays on top of the law with regard to the following: Breach of contract, Workplace Bullying, Compromise Agreements, Constructive Dismissal , Data Protection, Disciplinary procedures and suspension, Discrimination, Flexible Working, Health and Safety, Holidays, Maternity and Paternity rights, Redundancy, Sexual Harrassment and Sickness Absence. Many pieces of lawful legislation have been grouped together into more recent Acts which cover existing Acts known as regulations and identified as statutory fundaments of the more recent act implemented. Please see below laws and legislations which cover employment: Employment Rights Act 1996 – This act is the main act which covers majority of the areas in employent. These areas will be covered in the worklace as company policies and procedures, which will outline the laws and legislations in place. It includes the protection of wages, Guarantee payments, protection from suffering detriment in employment, time off work, dependants, study and training, suspension from work, Maternity-Adoption-Paternity-Parrental leave, flexible working, termination of employment, unfair dismissal and redundancy. National Minimum Wage Act 1988 – Creates a minimum wage across the United Kingdom, currently ? 6. 19 per hour for workers aged 21 years and older, ? 4. 98 per hour for workers aged 18-20 years old. This act too effect on 1st April 1999. There was no national minimum wage before 1988 and often workers were most vulnerable to low pay. The national minimum wage act is universally applicable to anyone who has a contract to do work, except for a consumer or a client. The Working Time Regulations 1998 – a United Kingdom statutory instrument which regulate the time that people in the UK may work. The regulations apply to all workers and not just employees. The regulations stipulate minimum rest breaks, daily rest, weekly rest and the maximum average working week. It sets a default rule which, although one may opt out of it, that workers may work no more than 48 hours per week. It also grants a mandatory right to paid annual leave of at least a minimum of 28 days (including bank holidays and public holidays). It creates the right to a minimum period of rest of 20 minutes in any shift lasting over 6 hours. Disability Discrimination Act 2005 – This act ensures that people with a disability are treated fairly. This act enables disabled people to have equal rights with accessing their local community, using public transport, working and applying for jobs and joining clubs. Renting out a property, study and education. Equality Act 2010 – This act requires equal treatment in access to employment as well as private and public services, regardless of the protected characteristics of age disability, gender, reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation. In the case of gender there are special protections for pregnant women. In the case of disability, employers and service providers are under a duty to make reasonable adjustments to their workplaces to overcome barriers experienced by disabled people. Sex Discrimination Act 1975 – This is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which protects men and women from discrimination on the grounds of sex or marriage. Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 – This act defines the fundamental structure and authority for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare within the United Kingdom. The act defines general duties employers, employees and contactors, suppliers of goods and substances for use at work, persons in control of work premises, and those who manage and maintain them, and persons in general. The act lays down certain principles for the management of health and safety at work, enabling the creation of specific requirements through regulations enacted at statutory instruments or through codes of practices. The following are some of the statutory instruments that lay down detailed requirements: Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at Work Regulations 1992 Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 There was also the intention with this Act to simplify the existing complex and confused system of legislation. This act sets out the objectives for securing the health, safety and welfare of persons at work; protecting persons other than those at work against risks to healtha nd safety arising out of or in connection of activities of persons at work; controlling the keeping and use of explosive or highly flammable or otherwise dangerous substances, and generally preventing the unlawful acquisition, possession and use of such substances. Having used various resources to research for this question on employment law, I have taken the time to go through my own company policies and procedures folders. There are three large folders for policies and procedures all of which cover all the government laws, legislatons and regulations expected to be followed. I have chosen to continue this question by referring to a number of my company policies and procedures, their key features and identifying which government law, legislation and regulation they support. RIDDOR – Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 – Outlines the requirements and arrangements for incidents which are legally required to be reported to the Health and Safety authorities. Some types of incidents may be reported to the health and safety authorities and also be reported as a clinical incident to the care quality commission. Fire Safety – This supports the regulatory reform Fire Safety Order 2005. Outlines the arrangements which are implemented to enable fire safety risks at the company premises to be assessed and to identify adequate physical and procedural controls including key elements such as staff training essential to be implemented. It outlines the responsibilities and fire safety risk assessment. There are details for what is essential to be put into a fire safety risk assessment such as fired doors, fire exits and alarms. First Aid – This outlines the necessary procedures to be carried out for service users, staff or visitors to be treated for injury or sudden illness promptly and safety until placed in the care of a professional or moved to hospital. It supports the government laws of Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 and Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996. Stated within is how records of first aid treatment should be made along with first aid training to be completed and refreshed at the correct times, usually necessary for renewal every 12 months. COSHH – Control Of Substances Hazardous to Health 2002 – In place to ensure all health and safety risks of hazardous substances are assesed and controlled in accordances with the legal requirements. It supports the following lawful legislation in place; The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002, Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation 1999 and Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992. The company undertakes a wide rang of activities which can have a potential to expose employees and others to substances hazardous to their healt and safety. The purpose of the policy is to lay down a consistant approach to undertaking risk assessments of such work and to implement controls, so as to achieve effective protection of employees and ensure consistency. Manual Handling – Intended to ensure the provision of equipment to minimise the moving and handling of patients manually by staff. It supports Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992. It explains how manual handling is one of the most common causes of injuy at work and can lead to serious injuries. It expects appropriate practical training to be given before manual handling takes place. There must be a risk assessment in place. Explained within is the correct equipment required for manual handling to be carried out correctly. Any injuries at work sustained are required for the person to complete an accident form. Before a person who has injured themselves can resume with manual handling activities they must have an occupational health assessment. PPE – Personal Protective Equipment – Aims for protective clothing suitable for work to be provided. It supports Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, Ionising Radiatiosn Regulations 2002, Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002 and Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 2002. I It expects protective items to be provided. Equipment such as hearing protection, eye protection, protective footwear, a protective mask or respirator, high visibility clothing, a welding visor or a hard hat, aprons, latex gloves etc. There is a high degree of user choice as to when and whether the protection is worn. Often the procedure to ensure people are using the protective equipment provided is a result of a disciplinary action. Employees do not pay for PPE, the company is to provide this.

Edna come back from amrecia Essay

What do you think motivates Muriel to identify June as Edna? Does she act on the spur of the moment when she sees June at the water’s edge, or has she been searching for some time for someone who can solve her problems for her? Do you think she really believes that June is Edna? Muriel has been searching for some time for someone who can solve her problems for her because she was at her wits ´ end, but when June appeared Muriel understood that June was the perfect person to take care her family members who were mentally ill. To illustrate, her brother was a violent alcoholic, her niece was a mentally ill girl and her mother had Alzheimer ´s. There are many facts to support that supposition. First, June was left with nothing by Alastair ´s wife, and then when she was on the train on her way to the place where she had once been happy with her father, a friendly youth had stolen her handbag with all her belongings, so June did not have any documents which would identify her. This suspicious fact I think was prepared by Muriel. Second, perhaps Muriel had been following her because she knew that June was homeless without money and hopes. Coincidently, June was going to commit suicide when Muriel suddenly had appeared like her rescuer to offer June her help, and also she told her that she was Edna who had been in America. Third, in Muriel ´s house June was introduced to Ted, Muriel ´s husband, who studied June seriously and closely as if she was an examination paper before giving his acceptance to Muriel about June. Fourth, Muriel had convinced June to revert her new style to the old style which includes her hair and clothes because that is how Edna had dressed before. Fifth, also to convince June more easily that she was Edna, Muriel told June that her mother had passed on, but she had left a bit of money and a house for her. Finally, when Muriel gave June Edna ´s handbag, she found a snapshot, which showed June that she had also had a husband and a little daughter. All these facts were used by Muriel to convince June to accept that she is Edna and not June, but really Muriel knew that June is not Edna.

John Gokongwei †Cebu Pacific

John Gokongwei is the founder of Cebu Pacific, a Filipino airline company started in 2005. Cebu Pacific is one of the most recognised airline companies in the Philippines. John Gokongwei is a great rags to riches story of how he started entrepreneurship out of poverty. He also is a active philantrophist and donates millions to various charities around the Philippines. John L. Gokongwei Jr. Who is he? â€Å"Call it trite–but, believe me, success can be achieved, through hard work, frugality, integrity, responsiveness to change–and most of all, boldness to dream.These have never been just easy slogans for me. I have lived by them† Gokongwei Jr. , John L. , Commencement Address (AdMU), 27 March 2004. What made him a leader? The qualities that Gokongwei possesses made him a successful business tycoon. He is a type of person who is a risk-taker; he was never afraid to take the next steps for his empire to grow. He is an optimistic person, failures and mistakes were ne ver a barrier for him, he always try to have a healthy attitude towards failure, it’s a part of being an entrepreneur which is clearly stated in his quote: Achievements Mr. John L.  Gokongwei, Jr. , serves as President of JG Summit Capital Markets Corp.Mr. Gokongwei served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of JG Summit Holdings, Inc. from 1990 to 2001, which he founded. Mr. Gokongwei served as the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer at Oriental Petroleum And Minerals Corp. from 1994 to 2002. He founded Universal Robina Corp. in 1954. He served as Chief Executive Officer and President of Digital Telecommunications Phils Inc. for JG Summit Holdings Inc. He served as Chief Executive Officer of Universal Robina Corporation, Robinsons Land Corp., JG Summit since 2001. He was primarily responsible for the overall direction and development of JG Summit Group of Companies which he founded in the mid-fifties. He founded Robinsons Land Corp. in 1980 and has been i ts Chairman Emeritus since January 1, 2002. He has been Chairman Emeritus of Universal Robina Corporation since January 1, 2002. He has been Chairman Emeritus at JG Summit Holdings Inc. , since January 1, 2002. Mr. Gokongwei is the Founder of Universal Robina (Cayman), Ltd and has been its Chairman Emeritus since January 2002.He serves as the Chairman of Gokongwei Brothers Foundation, Inc. and Great Pacific Life Assurance Corporation. He served as Chairman of JG Summit and Universal Robina Corporation. He served as Chairman of the Board of Robinsons Land until December 31, 2001. He has been Deputy Chairman of United Industrial Corporation Limited since 1999 and Non-Executive Deputy Chairman of Singapore Land Ltd. since 1999. He has been a Director of Manila Midtown Hotels and Land Corporation since 1973, Gokongwei Brothers Foundation, Inc. , since 1992, Cebu Air, Inc., since December 1995, Litton Mills, Inc. , since 1978, Robinsons Land Corp. , since 1980, Southern Negros Developmen t Corporation since 1982, Universal Robina Sugar Milling Corporation since 1987, Robinsons Inc. , since 1987, United Industrial Corporation Limited since July 27, 1999 and Singapore Land Ltd. since 1999.Mr. Gokongwei has been a Director of A. Soriano Corp. since May 21, 1980 and JG Summit Petrochemical Corporation since 1994. He serves as a Director of Universal Robina Corp. , Universal Robina (Cayman), Ltd. , JG Summit Holdings Inc., JG Summit Capital Markets Corporation of JG Summit Holdings Inc. , PGPI, Oriental Petroleum and Minerals Corp. , First Private Power Corporation and Bauang Private Power Corporation. He served as a Director of Digital Telecommunications Phils Inc. , from May 1993 to October 26, 2011. He served as a Director of Philex Mining Corp. from 1993 to September 2008. Mr. Gokongwei received an Master's degree in Business Administration from the De La Salle University in the Philippines in 1977 and attended the Advanced Management Program at Harvard University, B oston, Massachusetts, USA from 1972 to 1973.

Climate change and Solutions

Climate change is a concept that has generated much controversy in recent times, the many competing theories as to why climate change is occurring is no longer meaningful and we are now at a stage where unless serious measures are introduced to combat the causes of climate change human kind as a civilisation could be wiped out forever. As a UCT student and a South African citizen I firmly believe that climate change has mainly been induced by the developed world, however, despite this fact, the responsibilities of combating global change do not primarily lie in the hands of the developed world. Successfully overcoming such a huge problem such as climate change requires the cooperation and willingness of the entire world. There comes a time where we have to accept responsibility for our actions. That time is now. It is not too late to correct the mistake we have made, however we need less talk and more action. The policies of mitigation and adaption which traditionally have been the main two policies in combating climate change have proved to be limiting in their effectiveness (Parry, 2009:1-2). For example, achieving current mitigation targets will not prevent major environmental impacts, as in order for mitigation to have any effect in reducing global damage global emission cuts of 80 percent are necessary (Parry, 2009:1). According to Martin Parry the fundamental cause of climate change is unsustainable development, both in the past and the present (Parry, 2009:1). Sustainable development is therefore pivotal in forming the fundamental prerequisites for combating climate change. Parry further goes on to emphasize the necessity for the implementation of a sustainable development strategy that ‘combines mitigation and adaptation in a whole package of other development strategies, including high levels of efficiency and equity in resource use, investment, governance and income growth' in order to successfully and effectively confront climate change (Parry, 2009:8). In response to the article published in the Mail and Guardian on the 10th September 2009; combating climate change will not necessarily stagnate or reduce development. Low carbon economies are effective in creating employment opportunities and bringing about the fundamental prerequisites that are essential for enticing development whilst limiting environmental damage (Winkler and Marquard, 2009:62). Energy efficiency programmes are most effective in reducing emissions with little economic consequence which in a country such as South Africa is desperately needed in order to reduce carbon emissions with little effect on economic development (Winkler and Marquard, 2009:62). Other ways of reducing emissions as highlighted by Winkler and Marquard include the implementation of non-carbon and reduced carbon energy supplies in the form of hydroelectricity, natural gas and solar power (Winkler and Marquard, 2009:62). However, changing development paths is a very challenging and time consuming process which can be bought about in various ways including; the imposition of carbon taxes, selective beneficiation and incentive programmes for energy-intensive industries (Winkler and Marquard, 2009:62). Climate change is a global problem that can only be solved through global cooperation and teamwork. The injustices of the past must be forgotten and both the developed and developing world must work together to ensure the immediate and drastic reduction in emissions. Combating global climate change is a long term process that requires extreme dedication and ruthless legislation that will ensure the full cooperation from countries the world over. Economic growth is not the priority anymore; mankind could potentially be on the brink of extinction unless drastic measures to combat climate change are implemented. ‘When the last tree is cut down, the last river poisoned, the last fish caught, then, only man will discover, that he cannot eat money'.

History of the U.S. Income Tax Essay

The income tax of the United States of America, be it federal, state and local, has changed over time. Different circumstances pushed the government to create taxation and to amend the existing taxation laws. During the pre-Revolutionary War era in the 1700s, taxes were not imposed by the colonial government as their need for tax revenue did not exist. The colonies, on the other hand, had greater responsibilities therefore, had greater need for tax revenue. Because of this, different types of taxes were imposed by the colonies. The southern colonies imposed taxes on imports and exports while the middle colonies imposed taxes on property and a poll tax on each adult male. The New England colonies, on the other hand, collected taxes through property taxes, income taxes and excise taxes. When the English Parliament realized the need for money to pay for the French war, it imposed different taxes to the American colonies through the Stamp Act which was enacted in 1765. Later on, this Stamp Act was revised to include taxes for permits, newspapers, legal documents and playing cards. The Townsend Act was later on enacted by the Parliament to include taxes for paint, tea and paper . After a decade of paying taxes, there was much resistance to the tax imposed by the Parliament. During the Boston Tea Party in 1773, colonists, dressed as Native Americans, threw 342 chests of tea from a ship of the British East India Company to the Boston Harbor. In 1775, Isaac Backus during the Massachusetts Assembly said that â€Å"It’s not all America now appealing to Heaven against injustice of being taxed†¦We are persuaded that an entire freedom from being taxed by civil rulers†¦is not mere favor from any men in the world but a right and property granted us by God, who commands us to stand fast in it† . Taxation is considered as one of the factors that led to American War for Independence hence, when America gained its Independence, Article 1, Section 9, Article 4 of the U. S. Constitution in 1787 declared that there be no capitation or any direct taxes imposed on the citizens. The national government had very little responsibilities during these times and relied only on donations given by the States for its revenue. However, in 1789, the Founding Fathers realized that it could not function at its efficiency if it relied only on other governments’ donations hence the Federal Government was granted the authority to impose taxes. The sensitivity to taxation was still existing at this point in time hence the government has to be careful on how it impose taxes so as to minimize resistance from its people. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury in the 1790s, decided that a â€Å"sin tax† was imposed . Through the â€Å"sin tax†, only items which society thinks is deviant or vice were taxed such as distilled spirits, alcohol and whiskey. However, this still led to the armed revolt called Whisky Rebellion by a group of South Pennsylvania farmers. Still during the 1790s, the Federal Government imposed direct taxes to owners of houses, slaves and land. However, when Thomas Jefferson was elected to office in 1802, these direct taxes were removed and for the succeeding 10 years, only excise taxes were imposed. The reason for this was because he realized the inverse relationship of tax rates and tax revenue wherein the higher the taxes imposed on the citizens, the slower the economy grows hence the tax revenue declines. A cut in the rate of tax means that income for the family will become higher, expenditures become higher and hence, the economy experiences growth. During the 1812 War, the need for tax revenue resurfaced again hence taxes on the sales of gold, jewelry, watches and silver were imposed. Treasury notes were also issued to raise money. However, in 1817, the Congress revoked these taxes and for the next 40 years, government revenue was based on high customs duties and sale of government or public land . In 1861, when the Civil War erupted, the Revenue Act of 1861 was enacted. This Act restored the previous taxes on personal income. This tax was similar to the modern income tax because it was based on a gradual taxation of withholding tax from its source. A person earning $600 to $10,000 a year paid 3% tax. Persons with income higher than $10,000 paid a higher rate of tax. In 1862, the debt created by the war was rising at a rate of $2 million per day hence there was another need for the government to increase its revenue. Because of this, the Congress passed another tax imposition on items such gunpowder, playing cards, telegrams, iron, pianos, yatchs, drugs, among others. After the Civil War, the need for revenue declined and hence the income tax was abolished and only the excise taxes remained from 1868 to 1913. The War Revenue Act in 1899 was enacted to raise funds for the Spanish-American War. Government revenues, thru this Act, was raised through sales of bonds, tax imposition on recreational facilities, beer and tobacco. However, the Supreme Court realized that the people of America were becoming aware that the high tarrifs and excise taxes were not good to the economic welfare of the nation and that these taxes were usually paid by the less affluent citizens. Hence, there was an agreement that business income instead was imposed tax. By 1913, Congress enacted a new income tax law which imposes 1% to 7% for persons with income above $500,000. These people earning above $500,000 was only 1% of the total United States population . During World War I, the United States needed to increase its revenue again to fund the war. The 1916 Act raised the tax imposition from 1% to 2% and could go as high as 15% for those with income of more than $1. 5 million. By 1917, the government still needs further government revenue to pay for the war, hence the War Revenue Act of 1917 was enacted. Through this Act, exemptions were lowered and tax rates increased that those who earn $40,000 needs to pay 16% tax rate. In 1918, the tax rates were further increased. Those citizens paying 1% had to pay 6%. The highest rate in 1917 was 15% but during 1918, this was increased to 77%. Due to this increase in tax rates, government revenue increased from $761 million during 1916 to $3. 6 billion in 1918. After the war, the government revenue rose and the government decided to cut taxes to 1% bottom rate and 25% top rate . The Great Depression during the late 1920s and early 1930s pushed the government to once again increase the tax rates. The Tax Act of 1932 was enacted and by 1936, the bottom tax rate was at 4% and the top tax rate reached 79%. When the World War II came, another price hike came into place which altered the tax rates. Those with taxable income of less than $500 paid a bottom rate of 23% taxes while those earning taxable income of over a million dollars paid about 94% of taxes . The tax structure in the United States was also heavily altered in that the number of taxpayers increased from 4 million during 1939 to roughly 43 million during the World War II. Throughout all these years of implementing taxation, the government learned a very important lesson which until now is being valued by government officials and economists and has affected the tax laws enacted in the country – the marginal dollar is far more important to the economy compared to the tax rate being used. The Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 was implemented with this important lesson in mind. Unlike the previous taxation laws, this Act was intended to focus on marginal tax rates and it also included consumption taxes. However, due to the deep recession experienced by the country in 1982, the government was once again faced with the need to increase tax rates to overcome budget deficits. Following the 1982 recession was an economic boom which lead the country to believe that marginal tax rates are very important for a strong economy. During the Reagan administration, tax rates were further reduced and had a broader base through the Tax Reform Act of 1986. This reduced tax rate from 50% to 28% while business taxes were reduced from 50% to 35% . In 1997, the Taxpayer Relief Actof 1997 was enacted. The significant party of this Act was the Per Child Tax credit which benefited the lower-income families. During the Bush administration in 2001, the government experienced a budget surplus of about $281 billion hence a tax cut was once again conducted . This tax cut included raising the Per Child Tax Credit from $500 to $1,000 per child, as well as increased the Dependent Child Tax Credit. Until now, this tax law is being implemented and is expected to boost economic growth for the country.